How did the designations aliens ineligible for citizenship and the Research Proposal

How did the designations aliens ineligible for citizenship and the yellow peril negatively affect Asian Americans in the years prior to 1952 - Research Proposal Example Second, this designation led to separated or hurt families (Hutchison 44). Such families suffered mental effects because of this designation. Male-controlled familial structures among Asian Americans were not common in the United States before 1952. The statistical and social supremacy of Chinese males, together with domestic separation and customary diversity extended the assimilation procedure for Asian immigrants. This is the third negative effect of this designation that also allowed the dominant perception of Asian Americans as alien immigrants (Brilliant 34). Fourth, the â€Å"Aliens Ineligible for Citizenship† policy led to increased demands for Asian prostitution because of the absence of Asian women (Brilliant 34). Frequently disguised as business wives, selected Americans drew or bought and shipped women from Asian nations like China to serve as prostitutes in the United States. Shortly afterwards, Asian prostitution was perceived as an annoyance alongside West Coast and legislators responded by passing the Page Law in 1875. This law enabled customs officials at ports to refute entrance to Asian women believed to be imminent prostitutes in the United States (Brilliant 36). The designation â€Å"Yellow Peril† radically transformed into one of the approvals as Asian success tales began becoming increasingly common all through the American community (Allred 58). Before this transformation, this policy was the source of some of the worst discriminations against Asian Americans in history. This designation coined the phrase â€Å"model minority† to refer to Asian in the United States (Allred 61). This phrase acted as a model for other minorities. As a result, Asian Americans became a widespread outcast in America and suffered more discrimination than any other minority group. Secondly, as a type of subtle discrimination, the â€Å"Yellow Peril† designation fostered the spread

Sui Dynasty Essay Example for Free

Sui Dynasty Essay China is known for its diversity of dynasties which occur within history. Although China’s dynasties do not last forever, many of them have presented impressive advances in government, military, agriculture and economy. However, one dynasty in particular, the Sui Dynasty, remarks its significance with its accomplishments within such a short period of time. By the end of China’s northern and southern dynasties (386-589 C. E. ), the nation was left unified. In 581, Yang Jian, a prime minister of northern Zhou Dynasty, replaced the dynasty with Sui and appointed himself Emperor Wen. Therefore, Yang Jian’s replacement marked the beginning of the Sui Dynasty. Many historians and students claim that the Sui Dynasty was not a significant dynasty due to only lasting a brief thirty-eight years. Nevertheless, the new dynasty is rather extraordinary. Soon after the Sui Dynasty was founded, eight years later, the Sui court defeated the remaining southern dynasty of Chen and finally reunited the whole nation for once. This was not however the end of their actions. The Sui Dynasty developed a unique political system which executed organization within the citizens. Three Departments and Six Ministries were created; the first ever in Chinese history. The Three Departments could be compared to the division of the United States government with the separation of the executive, legislative and judicial powers (Chinese Sui Dynasty). Such departments are known as the Secretariat, the Chancellery, and the Department of State Affairs or the Zhongshu Sheng, Menxia Sheng and Shangshu Sheng. To illustrate, the job of Zhongshu Sheng is â€Å"transmitting the emperors intention, overseeing confidential files, and issuing government orders. † according to travelchinaguide. com. Meanwhile, the Menxia Sheng choose whether to keep or veto orders and Shangshu Sheng carried out orders from the previous departments. On the other hand, the Six ministries included: Ministry for Personnel (Li4 Bu), Revenue (Hu Bu), Rites (Li3 Bu), War (Bing Bu), Justice (Xing Bu) and Works (Gong Bu). For example, the Li4 Bu handled human resources like â€Å"appointing, dismissing, promoting, demoting, selecting, and evaluating state servants. † On the contrary, â€Å"Bing Bu chiefly took charge of the weapons and the books on strategies available for military officials and was also in charge of announcing military orders. (Chinese Sui Dynasty). In addition, these ministries under the Three Department branch of Shangshu Sheng, each controlled four additional departments called Si. In order to improve the selection of political office, the Jiupin Zhongzheng Hierarchical System was replaced with the Imperial Examination System that implemented studying, talent and political examinations. Unquestionably, the innovations injected organization and increased royal power with the limitations the political systems provided. Furthermore, to promote prosperity throughout the dynasty, the Sui developed two new polices known as the Juntian and Zutio System. In attempt to lower the gap between the rich and poor, the Juntian System provided equal divisions of fields depending on the number of people in each home (Sui Dynasty (581-618)). Pursuing this further, the Zutio System increased its governmental income through tax moderation. The changes promoted social economy likewise to agriculture growth. Similarly, advances in ship building helped agriculture rise too. To create a unifying ideology for the state, Emperor Wen introduced Buddhism and Daoism, although Confucianism had been already established. Wen even appointed Buddhist monks to high positions like political advisers (Duiker Spielvogel 256). Emperor Wen’s decision benefited the dynasty with cultural exchange among other nations. By the same time, Emperor Wen started the construction of a 1,400 mile canal known as the Grand Canal. Sui Yangdi, Wen’s son, finished it to set up a communication system within the north and south. Centering Luoyang, the auxiliary capital of the Sui Dynasty, the canal served multiple purposes like transportation, cultural exchange and economical purposes. The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal continues to benefit people all over China† (Sui Dynasty (581-618)). In the light of advances, there is no doubt art took a toll of its own. During the Sui Dynasty, a stone arch bridge called Zhao Zhou Bridge was built by Li Chun which initiated the look on bridges for the future years to come. Also, Buddhist sculptures were well adored along with great the beginning of the porcelain industry. The combinations of all these aspects served as tools for the well-being of the dynasty. The Sui Dynasty lasted only thirty-eight short years. Emperor Wen’s unexpected death in 604 lead to second monarch, Yangguang taking the throne. Historically known as emperor Yang and a typical tyrant, he drove his own dynasty to an end with his ambition for power. Along with overworking the citizens and extreme shortage of food, one specific project of Yang’s destroyed the productive dynasty. Emperor Yang pressured war against Gaoli (modern day Korea) only to fill his own desire of success. Forcing men out of their farmland, families were destroyed and the agriculture and economy of the dynasty plummeted. After being defeated by Gaoli, the Sui Dynasty was left more unstable than ever before. As a result, the regime of the Sui Dynasty became rather unstable and in 618, when Emperor Yang was strangled by one of his subordinates, it completely collapsed. †(Chinese Sui Dynasty) Overall, the Sui Dynasty presented many accomplishments that either took longer to conquer or were never achieved by past dynasties. Improvements in agriculture, creation of economical polices, a new political system and the building of a communicational canal were some of the many projects that were impressively executed by the Sui Dynasty. This statement verifies that even though the Sui lasted less than forty years, the dynasty was by far significant.

Lum and Abner Essay -- essays research papers fc

Lum and Abner   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is the first thing you think of when you here of the 1930’s, Amos and Andy or how about Lum and Abner? Lum and Abner weren’t really expected to do anything with their lives; they were just having fun trying to make something of them selves. They became two of the most famous people from Polk and Montgomery counties: Chet Lauck- Lum, Norris Goff- Abner, and the history of Lum and Abner. Chester Lauck was born in Alleene, Arkansas, February 2, 1902. (Alleene, Arkansas)(www.mu.net/stemple/page1.htm) His parents were W.J. and Cora Lauck. (Cate, Micheal, 190) Chet moved to Mena in 1911, where he met Norris Goff. They became very good friends. Chet lived on Port Arthur Avenue in Mena. His father owned the sawmill and was the Union Bank president. Chet went to Mena high school. He played baseball, basketball, football, and track. He had two older brothers and one younger sister. He graduated from high school in 1920. After high school, Chet went to the University of Arkansas and got a degree in advertising. He was the co-editor of the University’s humor magazine and was a Razorback cheerleader. After the University of Arkansas, he went to study at Chicago Institute of Fine Arts. (Stucker, Kathryn Moore) In 1926, Chet married Harriet Wood. He had three children: Shirley, Nancy, and Chet Jr.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Norris Goff was born in Cove, Arkansas, May 30, 1906. (www.me.net/stemple/ page1.htm) His parents were Rome and Dora Goff. (Cate, Micheal, 190) He lived on Reine Street. His father worked as a wholesale grocer. (Williams, Troy, 70) When Norris was in high school, he was quarterback for the football team. He graduated in 1924. He then went to the University of Arkansas and the University of Oklahoma. After college he worked at his fathers’ company. In 1929, Norris married Elizabeth Bullion. They had a boy, Gary, and a girl, Gretchen. (Stucker, Kathryn Moore)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Waters was the name of the town Chet and Norris got started in. Waters sounded like a swamp so they changed the name of the town to Pine Ridge, because of the woods and valleys of the Ouachitas. In Pine Ridge there was a sawmill, post office, blacksmith shop, gristmill, and other necessary services to the farm community. The community started in the early 1900’s. Lauck and Goff lived close to each other. &... ...ette Tips from Abner Peabody.† Online. Internet. Available (4 Nov. 1999). â€Å"Lum and Abner.† Online. Internet. Available (4 Nov. 1999). â€Å"Lum and Abner.† 1998. Online. Internet. Available (30 Sept. 1999). â€Å"Lum and Abner.† Online. Internet. Available (1 Nov. 1999). â€Å"National Lum Abner Society home page.† Online. Internet. Available (30 Sept. 1999). â€Å"National Lum Abner Society home page.† Online. Internet. Available (30 Sept. 1999)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Overview.† Online. Internet. Available (4 Nov. 1999).

Research Paper on Teen Pregnancy

Teenage Pregnancy: Who's To Blame? Over the past 10 years, teenage pregnancy has escalated about 10%. As the years pass, more blames for teen pregnancy come up. The first few years that teen pregnancy became a problem, the people blamed the girl that became pregnant. Then as it progressed worse and worse, the blame pointed to the father of the unborn child. When the movie â€Å"June' came out in around 2009 that became blame. Then came â€Å"16 and pregnant† and â€Å"Teen Mom†.Hollywood started clamoring teen pregnancy pretty much saying its okay to be a teen mom because you can become ammos. This made the girls of the U. S think â€Å"Maybe since these girls are becoming famous for being a teen mom maybe I can too†. Then there's the no sex education in the schools. Schools these days think that all teens know about sex so why teach it? Teenage pregnancies are 100% preventable. Teenagers should make the right decision and choose abstinence. If they choose to ha ve premarital sex then they should take the right precautions to prevent pregnancies.Media and society plays a huge role in teen pregnancy. â€Å"16 and pregnant† is a show that publicizes pregnant teenage girls. It shows their struggles in life as a pregnant teen, how they try to deal with the Judgment of their peers, trying to go through school, having the baby, and trying to be a teenager. Another blame for teen pregnancy is peer pressure. Friends getting pregnant and boyfriends are the main peer pressure girls get. When a friend gets pregnant some girls get Jealous of the attention their friend is getting so they go and get pregnant so they can have the attention too.Then there's the boyfriend factor; most teenage boys are sexually active and continue that way with all the girls he boy comes in contact with. Most guys think â€Å"Oh well since all these girls she hangs around with are doing it I'll push her into doing it with me†, or they'll pull the â€Å"if you love me† card. As a teenage girl there are many things going through your mind when a boy likes you and wants to have relations with you. You think about if he really loves you, if he'll leave you if you don't do it, etc. Cost teenage girls that become pregnant will tell you miss, I became pregnant to maintain a stable relationship with my boyfriend†. There are also many schools that don't offer sex education. Most schools already have a high number of teenage pregnancies so they don't think they need it because most of the kids there are already sexually active. The other half of schools that do offer sex education, don't have any kids that sign up for the class. In 2009-12 there are more teenagers out there that are sexually active then there ever has before.Sex education is the place where kids learn about sex and how to take the right precautions to maintain health. A living environment is also to blame. If a teenage girl lives in a not so good part of town and her m other was also a teen mom, that girl might become a teen mother. Yes, a girl may not become a teen mom in those living environments, but they also can come in contact other bad influences. Most girls that are pregnant, and or have had sex stated that they were either intoxicated or under the influence of illegal drugs.Parent's are also a blame for teenage pregnancies. When parent doesn't have tell the child about sex or having babies, it hurts the child in the long run because when contraceptives. Also, when a parent drills into their kids' heads â€Å"don't have sex or lull be tramp† â€Å"don't get pregnant or I'll kick you out and you'll be homeless†, and try to restrict the kid from dating, talking to, hanging out with, or any type of contact with the opposite sex will cause the child to rebel against their parent's thus having sex and getting pregnant.In 2009, 1 of 11 year olds have had sex, 2. 4% of 12 year olds, even though pregnancy at these ages is very rare, sexual activity is more likely to be in the teens. 5. 4% of 13 year olds, 11% of 14 year olds, 20% of 15 year olds, 33% of 16 year olds, more than half of the teens 17 to 19 said that they were sexually active UT 25% said they have not until the age of 20 (Gale, 2007). The average age of a teen having premarital sex is 16. 4 years in Caucasians and 15. 5 years in African Americans (Talk of the Nation, 2008).It is estimated that 19% of teenage girls who get pregnant opt for abortion, with about 52% of women younger than 25 years old getting abortions. Of the girls who give birth, most decide to keep their babies. Between 1982 and 1988, only 3% of Caucasian girls gave up tier babies for adoption, compared to the 19% between 1965 and 1972. That figure is even smaller for African American arils. These figures still hold generally the truth now days (World of health, 2007). Not only does premarital sex without contraceptives lead to pregnancy it also leads to Studs that can lead to perma nent sickness and even death.Teenage mothers are at more risk of health problems than adult mothers. They are more open to dieses such as tootsie, anemia, and upperclassman. The number one contraceptive used by teenagers is birth control. It is 100% effective if taken the right way. The pro side of teen pregnancy is that you get to have a baby and that's about it. The con side of teen regency is that you are a child your self and you are in your teens you are suppose to have fun and live life.Teen pregnancy is becoming an epidemic and it needs to stop because the abortion rate is sky rocketing, babies are being left out in the rain with no parental guidance. Yes, there are some teens out there that are great parent's but they are very slim. When it comes to having children, teenagers are not able to raise them because they are children themselves. If teenagers think they are mature enough to have premarital sex then they should make the mature decision to prevent pregnancies.

Care Connect Commit

Care Commit Connect Introduction Problem Statement In the united States of America, people have access to best oral care. There are standards and protocols imposed on dental business. Yet, millions of people in America do not get basic dental care or they end up getting over treatment. Private equity firms own most of the dental businesses. Dental business is one of the most profitable businesses. Dental business owners are top 1% earners In united States. Management puts a lot of pressure on dentists to produce more.The primary goal for management and dentists has become finding loopholes with insurance and aximizing production. unnecessary and over-treatment have become a common practice. Dental treatment Is expensive. We serve a low income area and most patients cannot afford it. We have been providing dental services over 30 years. We are in the health care business, and we need to ask ourselves, are we doing justice with the profession? Are we responsible if patients do not rece ive proper care? what should we do when the patient cannot afford the treatment?How much should we trust patient's finances? Outcome and Performance Currently, staff and doctors get paid based on office production. Indirectly we are encouraging staff and dentists to base patient care on production. Patient care should be the company number one priority. Patients are not comfortable to visit a dental office. One of the main reasons Is the cost and overtreatment. We are not a non-for-proflt organization. We have to balance between patient care and business. Ideally no patient should leave the practice untreated for any reason.We need to set an example to other business by exercising a morally correct approach and still be 1 OF3 good business name. We need to work on the company philosophy and take it to the ext level and have a global outcome. We sell happiness by enhancing people's smiles. Structure In order to do Justice with the profession everyone needs to understand the need of i t. What exactly are we doing wrong? Where is this leading the society? We should be ready for a change. There will be a lot of changes in the organization.We can implement the proposed solution conveniently step by step. We adhere to the dental code of ethics. We do not do wrong treatments or do over billing. The professional dental code of ethics does not define moral ethics. We need to create a code of ethics ased on the company philosophy. Moral ethics differ from culture to culture. First, we need to incorporate moral virtue. We can achieve this by offering classes and making it mandatory for everyone and we can offer CE credits. Second, we should change the compensation structure for everyone.The compensation should be based on salary rather than commission. The performance evaluation should be based on the number of patients seen and patient satisfaction. Patient charts should be audited every day. We should present an affordable treatment plan to every patient we see. The tre atment plan should not address Just the patient's chief complain, rather it should provide a complete solution. Patient care should not be an option; it should be mandatory. Third, we should advertise the company moral philosophy to attract more patients. We can offer free patient consultation.We should have a sliding fee structure for patients who cannot afford expensive dental treatments. Emphasis should be put on patient education; we can set up camps and school visits and take part in the local community affairs. Finally, we should change company hiring policy. We should make community experience a requirement for any position. Representation of Data The success of the project can be measured through conducting surveys. Every patient should be encouraged to fill out a survey. Currently, we have approximately 10,000 active patients.Every month we should discuss the practice analysis report. We should do a comparison with last year's data. When we offer free patient consultation w e might be losing some revenue, but there should be a significant increase in comprehensive dental procedure revenue. Overall revenue should increase. When we start seeing more patients, company expense will not increase we can compare previous year's expense sheet with current. We should have 360 feedback forms every three months, in which every employee should be able appraise other employees.Every patient referral report should be analyzed periodically. We should be able to see the difference in patient count through word of mouth. Methodology and Findings Theoretical and Empirical Evidence Providing health care is a noble profession. Oral health is an essential part of overall health. Dentists are doctors who help patients maintain their oral health. In the United States of America, the healthcare business is one of the most profitable businesses. Government cuts of benefits for adult patients make it difficult for patients with low income to maintain their oral health.There are remarkably few dentists to provide comprehensive treatment to patients. Every profession comes with responsibilities. Dentists that chose dentistry as a profession should provide complete care for patients and should be held responsible. It comes down to moral virtues of a dentist to provide a complete solution to patients based on their financial ituation which might be compensating fewer. This cannot be taught to a person they have to be caring habitually. It is necessary for a dentist to be morally right in order to care, commit and connect toa patient.We have to take ownership and responsibility to make the society morally correct. We will have a good name for business. We have to become a role model for the society. This solution will help us attract more patients by providing honest, comprehensive and less expensive treatments. We can approach Federally Qualified Health centers, in order to provide omprehensive services irrespective of the patient's ability to pay. Some denta l offices are integrating with Federal Qualified Health Centers, a few dentists set up dental camps with free consultation periodically and try to educate patients.Many solo practitioners have lowered their fees to be able to see patients with low income. Many offices have tried reducing expense in order to able to see patients at low cost. Comparison with Other Methods Some of the other alternate solutions could be integrating with federally qualified health centers which will take a lot of time, allocating budget every year for delivering ree treatment to qualified patients, performing mobile dentistry with proposed companies approach and starting in-house insurance programs.Conclusion and Recommendations Limit and Scope of System We can implement the proposed solution at one location; within one, year we should be able to see the difference in the company's financial report. We have to take ownership and Judge the patient's honesty. Maximizing the location's capacity will increas e revenue and we should be able to cover the cost. References Heath, D. , Rosenbaum, J. (2012, June 26). The business behind dental treatment for America's poorest kids. The Center for Public Integrity.

Free Essays on Tiger Woods

When someone said the word â€Å"tiger,† fifteen years ago, one would think of the animal, and its extreme ferociousness. However, since 1998, the word has brought on a new meaning, one of dedication, heart, and desire. The word now brings to mind the golfing phenomenon of Tiger Woods. Tiger Woods first picked up a golf club and gave it a swing when he was only nine months of age. He putted against Bob Hope on the â€Å"Mike Douglass Show† at age 2. Tiger shot a 48 for nine holes at the age of 9, which is better than most adult amateur players in the world. At the age of 15, Tiger became the youngest player to win the US Junior Amateur Championship for the first of three times; no other person has won the title twice. These are just some of Tiger’s feats before he turned professional in 1996. Tiger has left his mark on many people across America, impressing people everyday with his ability and his drive. Tiger has brought golf back from its once boring i mage. A pop icon is someone who is not only admired by people, but also has an effect on the lifestyle. Tiger is a pop icon not only because of what he has accomplished, but also for the work and effort he has put into achieving these things. Through the years, Americans have picked people to follow, examples of leaders are, Babe Ruth, JFK and more recently Tiger Woods. People have rallied behind these icons and these icons have had a great effect on how our country has formed culturally. An icon is someone who not only gives to their discipline, such as politics or sports, but they also give to the society, and everyday people. Babe Ruth made baseball America’s past time, he brought the game out of the dead-ball era, and transformed the game into the highly offensive slugfest that we know of as baseball. JFK took over the presidency in what I believe to be the third hardest time that a president had to deal with, behind only Lincoln and Washington. JFK handled this ... Free Essays on Tiger Woods Free Essays on Tiger Woods When someone said the word â€Å"tiger,† fifteen years ago, one would think of the animal, and its extreme ferociousness. However, since 1998, the word has brought on a new meaning, one of dedication, heart, and desire. The word now brings to mind the golfing phenomenon of Tiger Woods. Tiger Woods first picked up a golf club and gave it a swing when he was only nine months of age. He putted against Bob Hope on the â€Å"Mike Douglass Show† at age 2. Tiger shot a 48 for nine holes at the age of 9, which is better than most adult amateur players in the world. At the age of 15, Tiger became the youngest player to win the US Junior Amateur Championship for the first of three times; no other person has won the title twice. These are just some of Tiger’s feats before he turned professional in 1996. Tiger has left his mark on many people across America, impressing people everyday with his ability and his drive. Tiger has brought golf back from its once boring i mage. A pop icon is someone who is not only admired by people, but also has an effect on the lifestyle. Tiger is a pop icon not only because of what he has accomplished, but also for the work and effort he has put into achieving these things. Through the years, Americans have picked people to follow, examples of leaders are, Babe Ruth, JFK and more recently Tiger Woods. People have rallied behind these icons and these icons have had a great effect on how our country has formed culturally. An icon is someone who not only gives to their discipline, such as politics or sports, but they also give to the society, and everyday people. Babe Ruth made baseball America’s past time, he brought the game out of the dead-ball era, and transformed the game into the highly offensive slugfest that we know of as baseball. JFK took over the presidency in what I believe to be the third hardest time that a president had to deal with, behind only Lincoln and Washington. JFK handled this ...

Article talks about hospital business offices Essays

Article talks about hospital business offices Essays Article talks about hospital business offices Paper Article talks about hospital business offices Paper Essay Topic: Talk This article talks about hospital business offices and the need for them to think like loan management teams of local banks and credit unions especially when collecting revenues from patients. This strategy will then aid hospitals to increase their cash collections as well as improve the financial experiences of the patients. This is significantly important today as the number of patients who shoulder their own medical expenses are on the rise. In fact, sixteen percent of patients who are insured have outstanding balances that are greater than 500 dollars. According to research, less than 2% of the total patients’ balances are collected before or upon discharge and of the balances that are 500 dollars and above, less than 8% are paid in full and this accounts for about 66% of business office patient collections. There is a need, therefore, to focus on two actions namely: prioritizing actions according to the expected cash potential and to think of the return on investment (ROI). An account with a larger balance does not equate to it being a valuable account. Accounts with greater expected cash value, therefore, necessitate a more intensive collection effort. As such, the author lists 3 operating priorities for business office preparations namely: (1) use healthcare specific predictive models as this will enable management to focus on the most valuable accounts in the most efficient manner, (2) employ multiple collection processes depending on the account cash value and the return on investment and (3) implement new reporting Theme The general theme of the article is to provide new information to improve the processes of the hospital business office. Point of View The point of view is factual and the author’s points are credible and convincing. Furthermore, the author provides a clear and understandable way of presenting data. He illustrates his arguments explicitly and gives specific examples on each point. However, the author cited several researches to base his points in, of which the sources were not named. Issue Analysis: Actions should be prioritized depending on the account’s cash potential. In a research, less than 1/3 of patient accounts generate 80% of the cash collections meaning that these accounts do not have a high value. Furthermore, an account with a large balance does not equate to its cash value. A healthcare specific predictive model should be utilized in order to successfully identify accounts that are of higher value. By utilizing this type of model, the process of cash collections will be improved and at the same time, will minimize the operating expenses. In addition, the collection experiences of patients are improved. By prioritizing those that have the most cash value, the likelihood of the collection team pressuring people with accounts of limited cash value is considerably reduced. A focus on cash value is important as this is the issue that the business office team needs to answer. In a situation outside the area of healthcare, a product or service may be stopped or denied anytime. In the field of healthcare however, it is not usually possible to deny or stop the service immediately and the bill can take several weeks before being sent out to the consumer. The collection strategy utilized by hospitals should be in accordance with the cash value of the patient’s account. Consumers who possess the account with the highest cash value should be devoted with special measures of communication such as extra letters and outbound calls. The hospital may be wasting its time and money by trying to pursue a customer who has a large balance but may not be likely to pay while endlessly pursuing consumers who have more chances of paying their balance. A collection report that measures success against the potential cash value should be implemented. The significant measurement is the cash potential as this is what should be collected by the team. The report should calculate the cash potential accurately for each account to avoid becoming ambiguity and confusion. A clear report can also depict appropriate trade-offs that are made and show that a maximization of the net cash is achieved. In addition, bad debt can be clearly traced which leads to improvements in patient access routines.

Typical New Years Greetings in French

Typical New Years Greetings in French The  French really know how to celebrate New Years. Indeed, New Years in France is not just a day, or a day and an evening, but an entire season. Saying Happy New Year in French involves knowing basic New Years greetings as well as learning French New Years greetings related to the season. Typical French New Years Greeting In English, you say Happy New Year. But the French generally dont say new when wishing someone a great year. Instead, in French, you say only happy year, as in: Bonne annà ©e Happy New Year The French usually follow this expression with a phrase that literally translates as have a good health, as in: Bonne santà © Good health to you. To really understand how to send New Years greetings, its helpful to learn that in France, citizens celebrate the New Years (or holiday) season for more than a month.   Sending Greetings for the Upcoming Year The holiday season in France starts with la Saint Nicolas on Dec. 6. The holiday season actually ends on  Three Kings Day  (lEpiphanie)  when you typically eat une galette des rois  (a wafer of kings) on Jan. 6. Confusing matters even more, its customary to wait to send out your good wishes for a French happy (new) year until the end of January. These examples show what you might write on greeting cards to your French friends wishing them a happy new year. Toute la famille se joint moi pour vous souhaiter une joyeuse annà ©e 2019: que la santà ©, lamour et la rà ©ussite vous accompagnent dans tous vos projets.   The whole family joins me in wishing you a joyful year in 2019: Let health, love, and success be with you in all your projects.Une annà ©e se termine, une autre la remplace: voici une merveilleuse occasion de vous adresser tous mes vÅ“ux de bonheur et de rà ©ussite.   A year ends, another one replaces it: Here is a marvelous occasion to send you all my wishes for happiness and success.Je te souhaite une trà ¨s bonne annà ©e 2019, pleine de projets, de rencontres et de belles surprises.   I wish you a very happy 2019, full of projects, encounters, and beautiful surprises. Putting the New in French Happy New Year Though you dont say new when wishing someone a happy new year on Dec. 31 or Jan. 1, you can slip the word in when sending someone a card wishing her well at the end of the holiday season, as in: Tous nos vÅ“ux pour  cette  nouvelle  annà ©e,  ils  portent en  eux  lexpression  dune  sincà ¨re affection. All our wishes for this new year. They carry the expression of my deepest friendship.Nous vous envoyons tous nos meilleurs vÅ“ux pour la nouvelle annà ©e et vous embrassons bien fort. Sending you all our kisses  for the new year.Que te souhaiter de mieux que la santà © dans ta vie, la prospà ©rità © dans ton travail et beaucoup damour tout au long de cette  nouvelle  annà ©e.   What best could we wish you more than health in your life, prosperity in work, and lots of love throughout the New Year?

Child psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Child psychology - Essay Example During the childhood of Jennie Hawthorne, there were no any takeaway meals or frozen meals, and there are still no computers and no refrigerators and this is far different from the common environment of children. The life of Jennie Hawthorne in Bethnal Green is full of struggles, from her own family, environment, and herself; however, these factors influenced and transforms her life. Hundred of studies already documented the association between poverty and children's health, achievement, and behavior. There is an observed correlation between poverty and child outcomes, and it has an effect on child and adolescent well being. The income of a family appears to be strongly related to the children's ability and achievement than to their emotional outcomes. In the life of Jennie Hawthorne, she grew up in a family that full of struggles in life and poverty, she even needs to quit from school and go working. Most of her life, she had illnesses and it affects her childhood life. Their community is full of crimes, and she still recalls everything that she witnessed. Children who lived and experienced poverty have lower rates of school completion. Jennie Hawthorne encountered inadequate nutrition and fewer learning experiences, instability of residence, exposed to environmental toxins, family violence, and dangerous streets. The East end always signifies diversity in culture, there are always new immigrants arriving and there is ethnic mix of the twenties. These diversities can be observed through the names and faces of the people, some of them are from Lithuania, Russia, Poland, and Italy and they joined the Irish who arrived in the place during the middle of the 19th century. The Irish who tried to escape from the famine in Ireland and people never had an English name. Everything about the place was still in the mind of Jennie, she still remembers during the time when there were still no any buses or trains and it seems that the whole street was their playground. Jennie still remembers the ships that were packed at London's great river and for the people they considered France as a dream. Jennie still remembers all her memories in Bethnal Green, as her parents are fighting, and she remembers who she dreamed to go beyond the East End of her childhood that her study and work take her to strange places. The recall about the place, demonstrates how the young Jennie Crawley inhabited a small and very happy world in the East End. There is greenery in Victoria Park and it seems that everything was already there in the place. Poverty significantly affect the child development. The socioeconomic status has relationship with the child health and it is observed in most industrialized countries. This is observed in the occurrence of poverty especially by lack of material resources. Poverty is not a static condition, and there can be many entries and exits for this situation. Jennie Hawthorne P 3 mortality and morbidity, and poverty also affects the child health as it jeopardizes their future adult health. Most of the adult chronic health problems like cardiovascular diseases are originated from the pregnancy and during the first years of their life. The status of poverty is linked to poor child development and they are likely to have problems in completing school and they have low scores in

Music and Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Music and Culture - Essay Example This is a popular method of entertainment in many nations around the globe. Indonesia is one of the countries that have facilitated the development of shadow puppetry over a period. Shadow puppetry is argued as the oldest type of puppetry in the world. The term puppetry, which is also known as wayang, originated from the Indonesian word for shadow baying. Wang kulit and it uses shapes created from water buffalo hide. Despite its value in Indonesia, shadow puppetry found its way in India and China many millenniums ago. In Indonesia, shadow puppetry’s foundation is usually based on the religious tales of good versus evil. Shadow puppetry is essential in reinforcing traditional ethics of native civilization. Nueva cancià ³n This is a group and genre in Latin American and Iberian folk music, folk-inspired music and in social context devoted type of music. In other words, this genre is also known as a ‘New Song Movement’ or ‘Trova’, which makes part of a Latin American musical movement. The reason behind the name is that the song was composed and started during the time of social movements and the Allende revolutions in the 1900s and 1970 respectively. Its main function at that time was to unite the society and a source of weapon against social injustices by bad governance. Sanjuan is also known as a song of the festival. The name is derived from St. John the Baptist with its routes traced from as from 1860. It is mostly played male harpists where some part of it is sung and another played.

Destination Marketing and Branding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Destination Marketing and Branding - Essay Example According to the research findings, destination marketing is a phenomenon used by most authority or players in the hotel and hospitality industry to lure tourists and other clients into demanding services from respective firm within the locality. Heavy capitalization of the resources available within the area of destination plays a key role in destination marketing. Clients are expected to visualize the tranquility of the destination being marketed and desire to travel. Tourists are at liberty to visit other coastal resort not only in England but other parts of the world. Destination marketing and consumer marketing or the other forms of marketing are very distinct. Key aspect in the designing of the destination marketing is the tourists; tourist will travel several miles and expect to enjoy the tranquility being promoted. Since the tourist is not captives, they will move around different hotels, restaurant and anything that fall short their expectations will result to dissatisfactio n. Bournemouth coastal resort identifies the demand from their tourists over the years, with that it has differentiated its product and services to meet the diversity in tourism. Tourism cannot be defined by the traditional thought, because of the dynamics that the industry has undergone. In Bournemouth strategy, tourists should not receive anything less than what they anticipated through the destination marketing. To meet the diversity of tourists growing demand, Bournemouth has the following services for their clients to do while they are within the coastal resort; walking, attraction, cycling, garden, and shopping. Destination marker has the responsibility to spot tourists need and match with the resources available within the marketed destination.

LASA 2 - The Case For or Against New Orleans Study

LASA 2 - The For or Against New Orleans - Case Study Example Objectives This research and case study aims to establish the facts about the damages caused by Hurricane Katrina, considering both the short-term losses as well as the long-term potential losses in the event that nothing or little is done to reconstruct and prevent a similar calamity. On the basis of facts, it also aims to discover advantages and disadvantages, risks and opportunities of substantial investments which will be required to allow New Orleans to prevent another level-5 disaster. Finally, a Cost-Benefit Analysis will be formulated to arrive at a recommended decision about the budget that should be allocated for the reconstruction. Alternative Courses of Action A. Proceed with funding the ongoing development of New Orleans until Level 5 standards are achieved. B. Cut down the funding and stagger developments in New Orleans. C. Stop funding the NOLA development. Areas of Consideration and Analysis Risks Involved By reconstructing the levee with a standard capable of withsta nding a Level 5 hurricane similar to Katrina, the substantial productivity of New Orleans will not be stopped as it did when 400,000 people evacuated the place and 124,000 lost their jobs. ... Costs and Benefits What are the costs and benefits of the New Orleans Flood Protection System, according to Hallegatte, Stephanie (2005)? As to the effects of climate change, it includes the increase of intensity in the power of hurricanes (p.5). This implies a greater need for stronger and higher levees to protect New Orleans against another major flood. The estimated cost from the viewpoint of local officials was $ 32 billion. Another estimate which considered loss of human lives and the views of insurance companies amounted to $ 30 billion. Hallegatte admitted that the basis for calculating the justifiable budget was not solidly grounded (p.4). This was apparently due to a failure to consider the productivity of people in the area which would cease to be delivered if the workers of New Orleans decide not to be established in New Orleans. In a study of workers’ productivity, the report cited that Americans are most productive on the average per worker. Each one can produce à ¢â‚¬Å"$63,885 of wealth per year, more than their counterparts in all other countries, the International Labor Organization said in its report. Ireland comes in second at $55,986, followed by Luxwmbourg at $55,641, Belgium at $ 55,235 and France at $ 54,609.† according to Klapper, Bradley S. (2007) of Associated Press. This opportunity loss should be the major basis for deciding to what extent New Orleans should be rebuilt, for the simple reason that $63,885 x 124,000 people who lost their jobs = $ 7.9 billion per year. In 130 years, which is the number of years it might take before another major flood tries to destroy a reconstructed New Orleans, the workers of New Orleans will have produced $ 1.027 Trillion worth of wealth for the USA. In another report about

Commercial management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Commercial management - Assignment Example The report also underscores the importance of strategic bidding process by highlighting on models of bidding process and their strengths. In addition, the report also identifies predominant factors impacting on the mark –up optimization and strategies that could be employed by the construction company to enhance their bidding process. Additionally, the study examines the critical issues relating to cash flow and recommends strategies that could be employed by firms to ensure effective management of cash flow. The report will also expound on the strategic construction management claims in the event of changes on the contract, as a result of unprecedented risk occurrence. In conclusion, through the synthesis of the identified factors, the report recommends the strategies that the company should adapt with regards to environmental factors, strategic bidding practices and cash flow management in order to improve its profit and operations The main focus of this report is to provide strategic management plan for a medium sized construction company operating in UK in light of UK’s economic recovery from recession (BBC News, 2014). In outlining the company’s strategy, the report will be divided into three sections. The first section will entail an examination of the companys environment by use SWOT and PESTLE analytical tools. The second section will expound on quantity surveyors practices and principles in relation to the operations of a contractor and their implications to strategic alignment of the construction company. The subsequent section will examine new developments in the industry and their implications to the subject company. In conclusion, the report will provide recommendations deemed pertinent to the successful implementation of identified company strategy. UK’s construct industry is directly impacted by political factors through economic policies, deregulation policies and EU directives (British Chambers, 2014). Under

Safety Management Measures For Organizations Essay

Safety Management Measures For Organizations - Essay Example Managers have to hire employees and influence employees by motivating them to take all the safety precautions and use all safety resources to ensure that the organization and its people are safe, these activities are conducted in the staffing and the directing function. 2. Employers use various incentive programs in order to stimulate and motivate employees to follow the safety guidelines and take all safety measures in order to keep the workplace safe and healthy (Friend 245). These incentives have a very short term effect, they bring about a positive change in the employees for as long as the incentive programs are in place. As soon as the employers discontinue these incentive programs, employees resort to working according to their prior standards and their standards even decline. They do so in order to persuade the employees to restart the incentive programs. Incentive programs are based on statistical data, the employees try to provide misleading statistics in order to persuade the employees to implement or continue with particular incentive programs. ... 3. Maslow came up with the theory known as Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, the theory states that each individual have 5 levels of needs and employers can motivate employees by helping them fulfill these needs. The theory states that all individuals first try to fulfill the basic level of needs such as the psychological needs and safety needs, and then they try to pursue the remaining needs in the hierarchy. Employers can motivate the employees to take care of the safety of the organization and the safety of the people working in the organization by providing them incentives so they can fulfill their needs. These incentives can help employees obtain food which is a part of their psychological need, employers can provide job security which will help fulfill employees need for safety, managers can make the employees feel that they are a part of the organization and this will help fulfill the need for belongingness, by assigning employees with targets and work employers can help ful fill the esteem needs of the employees. Once all the needs are fulfilled, the employees will start helping others in the organization and in their daily life which will fulfill the employees need for self-actualization. 4. Need Achievement theory proposed by McClelland states that every human being is born in this world with the need for power, affiliation and achievement and the levels of these needs varies in different individuals.  

Commercial management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Commercial management - Assignment Example The report also underscores the importance of strategic bidding process by highlighting on models of bidding process and their strengths. In addition, the report also identifies predominant factors impacting on the mark –up optimization and strategies that could be employed by the construction company to enhance their bidding process. Additionally, the study examines the critical issues relating to cash flow and recommends strategies that could be employed by firms to ensure effective management of cash flow. The report will also expound on the strategic construction management claims in the event of changes on the contract, as a result of unprecedented risk occurrence. In conclusion, through the synthesis of the identified factors, the report recommends the strategies that the company should adapt with regards to environmental factors, strategic bidding practices and cash flow management in order to improve its profit and operations The main focus of this report is to provide strategic management plan for a medium sized construction company operating in UK in light of UK’s economic recovery from recession (BBC News, 2014). In outlining the company’s strategy, the report will be divided into three sections. The first section will entail an examination of the companys environment by use SWOT and PESTLE analytical tools. The second section will expound on quantity surveyors practices and principles in relation to the operations of a contractor and their implications to strategic alignment of the construction company. The subsequent section will examine new developments in the industry and their implications to the subject company. In conclusion, the report will provide recommendations deemed pertinent to the successful implementation of identified company strategy. UK’s construct industry is directly impacted by political factors through economic policies, deregulation policies and EU directives (British Chambers, 2014). Under

ITEM 7 (Elaborated response to issued raised) Essay

ITEM 7 (Elaborated response to issued raised) - Essay Example g been vitiating the social atmosphere without ever being identified as a problem that is essentially different both in nature and potential than the interpersonal problem that racism is generally viewed as by intelligentsia across the world. The author has painstakingly described how United Kingdom has long viewed racism to be essentially an interpersonal problem or at the most a problem between two or more groups that perceive the each other as adversaries and the primary reason for some long standing social malaise that happens to adversely affect the agitated group. Since this problem is entrenched between individuals, a possible solution to this problem has always been thought of in terms of influencing interpersonal behaviors through changing perceptions in the minds of ethnic majority about minority stereotypes. (Tajfel & Turner, 1986) However, the leaders of the society and successive governments in Great Britain acknowledged the fact that these misconceptions had become deeply entrenched in the minds of adversarial ethnic groups. Thus, the best way to rid the society of such pernicious prejudices, the governments thought, would be to introduce a school curriculum that would educate school going children in the age group of 5 – 11 about their duties and responsibilities as citizens of a multi-ethnic country. (Ryan, 2003) There have been a series of education policies that attempted to educate, or rather, enlighten the future citizens about their responsibilities and duties both towards the country and towards fellow citizens. (Banks, Multicultural education: Historical development, dimensions, and practice, 2004) The first concerted attempts to educate school going children about duties and responsibilities of a contributing citizen began in early 1990s when ‘cross cultural themes’ were introduced in the school curriculum specifically to make young would be citizens aware of what their responsibilities shall be as they grow up to be adults. These

Conditions of the Vietnam War Essay Example for Free

Conditions of the Vietnam War Essay When fighting in a war, the brave soldiers are not only up against their enemy, but also against the chaotic obstacles born on the battlefield. The constant noise of slaughter, the gut-wrenching weather and the omnipresent fear of death were all elements of war that the soldiers had to coexist with. The odds of walking home after a war are extremely rare and those who were lucky enough to survive were unlucky enough to have had witnessed indescribable scenes of blood and murder. Those who have confronted the wrath of war are left psychologically traumatised and mentally unstable. The fighting conditions during the Vietnam War were excruciatingly tough. The Australian and American troops were forced to fight in a variety of weathers, including the tropical rains and blazing heat. Fighting in environments and conditions they were not yet accustomed to, they were drained of their energy and were demanded high levels of endurance. For some soldiers, the dry season was particularly difficult to fight in. they were required to fight through a haze of dust that penetrated their clothing, filled their pores and worked its way through their eyes and ears, resulting in conjunctivitis and ear infections. One soldier stated, â€Å"It can be a test of human endeavour inside a noisy metal box all day in forty degree heat, with eighty per cent relative humidity and no one has showered for a week.† Soldiers fought with damages to their bodies such as blisters, sunburn and dehydration, making it very difficult to move around and fight to the best of their ability. Other difficulties they faced were the threat of diseases such as malaria and dysentery which is caused by lack of sanitation and dehydration. Spiders, poisonous centipedes, snakes and leeches were some of the deadly creatures the soldiers tried their hardest to avoid. Proper food and clean water was very difficult to obtain as well. Soldiers ate from used cans and drank from dirt covered drink bottles. In a land where the ground explodes and it rains bullets, death is inevitable. Soldiers would be knee-deep in massacre and the vicinity would be infested with the body parts of comrade soldiers. War does not give time for soldiers to grieve and is constantly tainting the earth in the colour of red. Witnessing the death of a comrade is one thing, but to have to crawl, walk and run knowing that you may die a gruesome death at any moment is just as painfully terrifying. Soldiers who survived the Vietnam war were diagnosed with permanent paranoia and insanity. Whilst fighting an enemy on the battlefield, soldiers must simultaneously fight fear in their minds. Guerrilla Warfare During the Vietnam War, Guerrilla tactics were being put into action. Guerrilla Warfare consisted of small surprise attacks and ambushes instead of operating in major gunfire battles. Setting up booby-traps and tripwires were the preferred option as well as digging up complicated systems of underground tunnels in and around small villages. The Vietcong had the home field advantage, they used the rough terrain, thick forests and uneven landscape to their advantage against the American soldiers as they were unfamiliar to such difficult landforms. The Vietcong used their intelligence and stealth to outsmart the Americans and win the war. They did not wear any uniform so the Americans only saw them as ‘villagers with guns’. The Vietcong would also hide behind innocent civilians and use them as a shield against their enemy. They would also dig up American land mines and use the explosives as bombs of their own. Hit-and-run attacks were common and very effective in the fight against the Americans. With dangerous deft, the Vietcong would stealthy attack the Americans and leave before risking capture- incorporating the element of surprise. The Vietcong would escape through a complex network of underground tunnels, oblivious to the Americans. At the start of the war, the American soldiers had no idea of the tunnels’ existence and their unawareness produced great advantage to the Vietcong. The most extensive of the tunnel system laid in the ‘Iron Triangle’ in the Cu Chi distract, which covered approximately 400 kilometres. The Americans highly relied on their helicopters to combat the Vietcong’s skilfully hidden death traps. However, the Vietcong turned to heavy machinery as a form of retaliation against the American’s aerial attacks. The Vietcong would set up multiple booby-traps, hidden among the jungle floor of the forests. Majority of the booby-traps were covered in poison and venom which will increase the risk of infection. Some booby traps that were crafted and handmade by the Vietnamese villagers included: * The Bear Trap- when stepped on would fiercely clutch one’s foot by impaling it with sharp claws * Grenade Traps- a grenade strapped to a tripwire which will instantly explode, leaving no time to escape when triggered * ‘Bouncing Betty’- designed to cut someone in half, when stepped on would result in either paralysis or the complete amputation of a limb * Foot Trap- a hole that was dug knee deep and planted with stakes coated in poison pointing downwards, making it unescapable * Tiger Pit/ Punji Spike Pit- a hole approximately 5-6 feet deep, with the bottom covered in piercing, venomous stakes. It also has a grenade lying in await to ambush those who try to escape The fighting conditions in the Vietnam war were inhumane for both parties. Soldiers put their bodies through irritatingly uncomfortable situations and fought in fearsome scenarios, all whilst trying to keep their limbs intact. Battles arose within battles, whether it be the vicious weather or the unshakable fear of death, soldiers endured an admirable amount of physical and mental struggle. The rage of the Vietnam War claimed many courageous lives and defiled the minds of those who were able to walk away with the luxury of breath. Bibliography * http://vietnamawbb.weebly.com/guerrilla-warfare-and-war-of-attrition.html * http://history1900s.about.com/od/vietnamwar/a/vietnamwar.htm * http://www.pbs.org/battlefieldvietnam/guerrilla/index.html * http://www.vietnam-war.0catch.com/vietnam_war_nature.htm * http://vietnam-war.commemoration.gov.au/combat/viet-cong-tunnels.php * http://www.securenet.net/3rdbn5th/mike35/booby.htm * http://www.echo23marines6569.org/BoobyTraps.html * http://vietnam-war.commemoration.gov.au/armour/conditions.php * https://session.wikispaces.com/1/auth/auth?authToken=03a2e4971076358d2188756c8108eb2b5

Emily Dickinson :: essays research papers

The complex fate of human beings in this tragic yet beutiful world and the possible fortunes of the human spirit in a subsequent life is what interests us all in life, and this is the central theme in most of Emily Dickinsons work. In her enticing poetry, Emily establishes a dialectical relationship between reality and imagination, the known and the unknown. By ordering the stages of life to include death and eternity, Dickinson suggests the interconnected and mutually determined nature of the finite and infinite. She aims to elucidate the incomprehensible, life, death, and the stages of existence. The subjects of life and death have been a traditional theme in poetry and they are central to most of Dickinsons poems. Love and ecstacy are also primary in her poems and they are often cconcerned with celestial betrothal. In the poem "Death is a subtle suitor", Dickinson illustrates the love-death symbolism, an explicit rendering of deatyh as the lover who transports her in his carriage to be married in a proxy wedding. Dickinson uses the metaphor of a funeral as the wedding journey to eternity, setting up a system of correspondences between the changes brought about by death ans the changes in role of the unnamed partners in this spiritual love game. 'Death', to be sure, is not the true bridegroom but a surrogare, which accounts for his minor role. He is the envoy taking her on this curously premature wedding journey to the heavenly alter whre she will be mariied to God. When 'Death ' first appears as a suitor she changes from a girl to a blushing virgin. This must be a 'stealthy Wooing,' for though she knows it will result ina glorious new status for her, she is vaguely aware that it will mean a renunciation of all the world she has known. She shows a maidenly resereve by the manner in which she forces to conduct his courtship, by 'palid imnnuendoes' and a 'dim' approach.' But he does win at last and attains his goal, for he is a 'supple Suitor'. The second change comes twith great suddenness for it is the kiss of death, transforming her from virgin to bride, or at least the betrothed. Then 'Death' bears her away 'in triumph,' both from a substitute wedding and towards a final one, to the sound of 'brave Bugles' such as would accounce a royal merriage, or the Day of Doom.

An Open Campus is a Bad Idea Essay -- public school

Wandering kids. Bumper to bumper traffic. Drug dealing. Is this the picture drawn when local students have fifty minutes of freedom during lunch to do whatever they please? Students should not be allowed to leave their school campus during lunch. An open campus would lead to truancy, disturb local businesses and neighborhoods, and cause crime.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Truancy can occur among students if an open campus is accepted. If students have the privilege to leave school for fifty whole minutes on their own, then they have the freedom to not come back. It would break the trust between students and educators, and harsher rules would have to be enforced on the open campus rule. Numerous students who decide to ditch the remaining periods would have an excessive amount of in-school absences. This could lead to parent conferences and suspension, and possibly expulsion in some cases. When a student misses or skips a class, the information taught that day would not be accessible in the same format which others have learned. One?s academic grades can be effected from lack of information by truancy. Irresponsible students who choose to take the risk of leaving their school after lunch for the remainder of the day will not have this opportunity if an open campus is kept closed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Local businesses and neighborhoods can be disturbed if open campuses are permitted during the lunch hour. When groups of students are on their break, they can cause a commotion and be quite noisy among one a...

AP Government and Politics

Several parts of the Constitution have important implications for federalisms. Some examples are: the Tenth Amendment, Necessary and proper/ ‘elastic' clauses, and Supremacy clause. The Tenth Amendment -The Tenth Amendment is important because it allows states to hold elections. It also ensures that each state retains its power, sovereignty, independence and freedom. It is similar to the Articles of the Confederation. The Tenth Amendment was written to reassure the states that they would remain largely in charge within their own borders.Until the mid-19th century, the Tenth Amendment was often cited by state governments to prevent Federal regulation of everything from taxation to interstate commerce. Since 1837, however, various rulings have mitigated the straightforward meaning of the Tenth Amendment, and such matters as a Federal income tax were subsequently upheld in the courts. Necessary and Proper/'Elastic' clauses – It authorizes Congress to pass all laws â€Å"ne cessary and proper† to carry out the enumerated (listed) powers of congress.The lause allows Congress some degree of flexibility in enacting legislation. It gives the Congress more power than what is stated in the Constitution. For example, the government has the power to collect taxes. But, the Constitution does not say where that money should be held. It was argued that the Elastic Clause gave congress the power to establish a National Bank to hold the money. It allows congress to pass laws that are needed as time changes.Supremacy Clause – A Supremacy clause allows the National Government to outdo maller levels of Government, doing so can prevent unfair policies and a lack of justice in the form of Government that's all wrong. In other words, the supremacy clause makes any law passed by a state or local government that is in conflict with a federal law invalid. This makes the federal law ‘supreme'. The importance of the Supremacy Clause is that it establishes t hat the Constitution and Federal Law are the absolute law in the last resort of the United States.By that, it means that the Constitution and the Federal Law will win in any conflict between it and any state or local law. Thus, all states are bound to the limits placed on them by the Constitution and Federal Law. For example, in the McCulloch v. Maryland Case, McCulloch won because of the Supremacy Clause. The bank was established by the Federal Government therefore, the state of Maryland was not allowed to tax it because it would be like overpowering the ‘supreme' law. AP Government and Politics Essay By aprilmayJuly210918

Reintroduce Children’s ASPIRIN

Given the respective scenarios and the projections described in the exhibits for each option, evaluate and choose the alternative that best optimizes Bayer’s prevention and children’s business. Explain. Upon reading the two options that have come up, the best alternative would be choosing the second option: Reintroduce Children's ASPIRIN worldwide as a prevention product and rename it under the brand ASPIRIN 100 ®. Figure 2 (See below) summarized that this option appears to have more benefits than the first option given.Although venturing into this option would require repackaging, relabeling, and reindicating the brand and it might accelerate the cannibalization of Pharma's sales, reintroducing the product could attract new users from competitive brands. As Joachim Zander analyzed the two scenarios under when they reintroduce their product: â€Å"Under the first scenario, we essentially create attention for ourselves and the market reacts. As a result, Pharma's high -end product, CardioASPIRIN ® , loses 10% of its sales due to our cheaper alternative.However, we also appropriate incremental sales of 10% from the competition. Beyond that, by keeping the product on the market, though in a new form, we are able to keep 20% of the children's ASPIRIN customers. Under the second scenario, I envision that the market does the opposite and reacts very little to our product change. Thus, Pharma doesn't lose any volume, and Consumer Care is unable to gain any incremental volume from the competition. Either way, we still keep 20% of the children's ASPIRIN customers.† Comparing Exhibit 6 with Exhibits 7A and 7B, the forecast losses in Option 1 will be substantially greater given the Middle and Worst Case Scenarios than what is featured in losses in Option 2. Although in the Best Case Scenario in Option 1 could appear to be advantageous, assuming that scenario to happen would be faulty. Also, as emphasized in Exhibit 5, although the sales of children ’s aspirin is declining, its margin against the Prevention CardioASPIRIN ® is still significantly higher.Keeping their seasoned and most valued customers who give them more profits will be the optimal approach. Thus, the win-win solution would be Option 2 because either way 20 percent of the children’s aspirin customers will be maintained. This business decision will be less damaging to the company, either best or worse case happens. 2. ) Do you agree with quantitative assumptions used to develop the forecasts? Why or Why not? Yes, I agree.In order to come up with the best decision, managers must make a number of educated assumptions about future trends and events and modify those assumptions once new information becomes available. Quantitative forecasts are typically based on historical data or tests and which involve complex statistical computations, which the Bayer Aspirin Case presented to represent the financial outcomes of the two options. Although quantitative forecasting is not foolproof, it is a valuable tool that enable managers to fill in the unknown variables that inevitably crop up in the planning process.For instance, the case study obtained the trend from 1994 to 1998 to formulate the outcomes of the trends in 1999 to 2003. The results they obtained indicated that prevention customers had been rapidly replacing children customers over the five years from 1994 through 1998. Forecast indicated by 2003 that approximately 27% of Children’s ASPIRIN sales would be for children and 73% for prevention customers, effectively reversing the 80% / 20% split, respectively, from 1994.Upon seeing the trends, Zander and Merker had the ability to conclude that Children’s ASPIRIN was naturally evolving into a low-cost, low-dosage prevention product. And it looked as if the combination of the rapid growth in the prevention market and the decline of the children’s market would be the death of the Children’s ASPIRIN brand. Of course, these are just assumptions and these could be wrong but at least the present trends could spell a lot with what will happen in the future.

Gamification

70 percent of global organizations will have incorporated gamification into at least one element of their training program by 2014 according to research firm Gartner. Gamification, put simply, is the use of game theory in platforms of interaction with employees, customers and the wider community. The advent of game technology allows training providers to integrate the positive reinforcements of gaming into the learning environment.While some may roll their eyes and make some assertion that big business is kowtowing to the younger crowd or that gamification is a passing fad, others embracing it and creating loyalty among customers and higher engagement among training participants. A common discussion among training specialists is the cost-effectiveness of training as some studies show that participants retain a mere 10% of content. Indeed, the prospect of sitting all day listening to someone talk about a topic that you have little interest in would test anyone’s tenacity for un divided attention.So while some readers would have already disengaged with this article (because they have little interest in the topic, maybe gamification would have been a better way to engage the nay-sayers to gamification) let us look further at why gamification works: Games give us real time feedback, if a participant gets something wrong they are corrected immediately. It does not wait for the participant to get back to the workplace, wait for the scenario to arise and fail with real-world clients or profits at stake. Games involve problem solving, which sparks our creativity.Games provide us with fun and enjoyment, which increases the motivation to continue playing and maintain our attention. Games involve goals which provide us with the motivation to complete the tasks. Games are based on storylines, storylines create affiliation and emotional attachment. Gamification could effectively destroy the need for those dreaded performance appraisals be it yearly or quarterly. As th e human resource professional in the organisation we are viewed as the uncool ogre come performance appraisal time. The line managers hate them, the employees fear them and we get sick of reminding everyone to do them.Gamification take the performance appraising away from line managers through developing a standardised inventory of correct answers, the employees are given goals promoting competition between departments, which increases social interaction between employees. The gamification pulls employees in rather than us as HR practitioners and leaders having to push the process onto them. It is amazing what a gold star can actually do. Positions that have KPI’s can now be set up as a game to beat your highest score, beat your co-worker with relevant rewards tied to it.

Children & Divorce Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Children & Divorce - Assignment Example Divorce between parents never puts any good effect on children. It is a very hard tragedy for children, which affects their psychological and emotional development. The pain that the children experience after divorce is composed of grief, a sense of vulnerability, loss of the intact family, and strong feelings of powerlessness and rejection (Eleoff, 2003). Some parents are very emotional and overlook the positive effects of parental relationship on children while thinking about divorce. â€Å"Many couples considering divorce refuse to believe that divorce can have a negative effect on their children† (Bilotta, 2007). Such parents cannot predict the future very well and give preference to temporary negative emotions over the future consequences of divorce on their children. Although separation brings short-term relief to such couples but the consequences are not short-term for the children, rather children have to bear the consequences for their whole lives. One of major setbacks for the children is that they start feeling insecure of their future. Children of divorced parents find it difficult to choose a proper direction for their future. Another emotional harm, which occurs for the children of divorced parents, is fear of being alone in the society. â€Å"School-age children are unsettled by the big changes that come with divorce† (Wolf, n.d.). Such children cannot even explain to themselves what has happened to their lives. They are usually average and low in confidence as compared to the children of intact families (Hughes, 2009). They also start feeling dejected and unhappy. Anger and depression are also deeply associated with the emotional development of the children of divorced parents. â€Å"Children who are having a hard time coping with their parents divorce can sometimes very quietly sink to depression† (West,

Homicide - Black males age 17-25 Research Paper

Homicide - Black males age 17-25 - Research Paper Example In history, premeditated or deliberate killing of an individual by another was termed as Felonious homicide which is related to murder. The biggest percentage of homicide committed in the United States is done by victims’ intimate partners. In the recent years, the overall rate of homicide in the US has been reported to remain constant. However the there has been an increased homicide among young black males aged between 17 and 25. Generally between 1999 and 2005 homicides rate in the US remained at around six deaths per one million people as suggested by Anderton, Barrett and Bogue (1997). However there was an increase in 2001 as a result of terrorist attacks which happened during this period. Homicide committed by the use of the gun occurred mostly around metropolitan areas. Homicide rates increased in the past one decade in most of the US cities with some experiencing around one thousand homicide per one million people. This situation was experienced in Richmond and Washing ton in 1994 among the black males aged between 18 and 24. In the subsequent years the homicide levels in the same age range in Washington, Richmond and New Orleans were twice those of other cities. The prevalence of homicide in metropolitan areas of the US in 2005 was twice that in non-metropolitan areas. ... Trait Theory Trait theory is a theory which explains matters of crime with regard to the individual. It was developed by Lonnie Athens explaining how parents or peer brutalization in childhood results to violent crimes later in life. In trait theory, the psychological perspective focuses on behavioral, personality and cognitive processes related to homicide. Individuals at the o age of 17-25 are associated with a lot of emotions which account a lot to their behavior and decision making. In United States this can be seen in the black males at this age group and it is attributed to their increased incidence of homicide. Personality disorders may result from brutality in adulthood and according to trait theory. This is because such disorders affect the way the individual perceives others in the society and above all how to react in pressure. For instance a child brought up in a society where there is a lot of crime he may end up committing crimes. This dictates why black males at the ag e of 17-25 in the United States due are likely to engage in homicide. This is associated with terrorist incidences which have affected the country leading to young individuals engaged in war. Trait theory also upholds homicide especially in United States, due to the children’s early age exposure to guns according to Levinson (2002). In United States due to development, possessing a gun it is not big deal which perceived as an item for solving conflicts. In connection with this, at the age of 17 to 25 individuals are said to be anxious in facing reality. As a result, as learned in childhood individuals at this age especially male as they are said to be more aggressive may engage homicides in solving conflicts. Personal traits such as social isolation and aggression also commuting to

A documented position paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

A documented position paper - Assignment Example This is kept going by strong ICT systems and processes that provides real-time information that links all stakeholders. The company’s international freight partners – DHL provide worldwide reach and specialized support. Also, Primark has made reasonable moves to limit reputational and ethical risks that come with operation in foreign markets around the world. This is done through strong monitoring mechanisms and corporate social responsibility. Primark is a UK-based clothing manufacturing and retail entity that originally founded in Dublin Ireland in 1968 (Primark Website). Today, Primark has over 200 outlets in Europe and North America. The company’s fundamental corporate strategy is based on an integrated global supply chain system through which the company designs its product in the UK and USA, sends the outlines to factories in developing countries like Bangladesh, Turkey and India where they are sewn and export it to the UK for onward distribution to Primark outlets around the developed world. This paper posits that Primark’s Global Supply Chain Management system is the firm’s primary cause of competitive advantage. In order to achieve this end, the paper will draw on evidential sources to show that the company saves a lot of cost by locating its manufacturing units in the developing world and sells them to consumers at high prices in the developed world. The integration of ethics and reputation i s the main means through which the company retains its continuous cost leadership system through the Global Supply Chain Management (GSCM) process. The global textile industry has gone through a major reformation after the Cold War ended (Kunz and Garna 3). This is due to the apparent trend towards the elimination of barriers towards international trade and the major disparities that exists in different parts of the world due to the differences in costs and values. The rational producer will seek to minimize costs and maximize sales revenue. Hence,

Israel and the Palestinians (SLP) Module 4 Essay

Israel and the Palestinians (SLP) Module 4 - Essay Example This continued immigration raised the alarm and eventually, fighting between the Zionists and indigenous people broke out create intense waves of violence. Within the Mideast Europe, Hitler’s rise to power led to increased immigration of Jews to Palestine thus escalating the situation. After the WWII, the UN decided to intervene on the matter in 1947 resolving that Israel and Palestine relations could only be solved by a third party. However, the resolution led to the allocation of more than 55% of Palestine land under the Israelis. Analytically, the allocation of this land was an instigation of more conflicts as more than 30% of Palestine people were forced to live within 7% area of the Palestine land (MidEastWeb for Coexistence, 2008). There are various issues that face the resolution between Israel and Palestine. For instance, the Palestine lands, such as Gaza Strip and West Bank, that have been confiscated by Israel forces have endured humanitarian crisis such as the torture and abuse of women, men, and children. About 10,000 Palestine men, women, and children are held in Israel prison with most of these awaiting no trials. In addition, there has been heavy border control by Israel military, which has prevented medical and food supplies from entering Palestine. With most Palestine citizens comprising of Muslims, their original homeland has been taken over by Israelis and are unable to return to their self-described land (If Americans Knew, 2014). With reference to the escalating situation, there has been a crisis of negotiating a resolution as various factors are involved. Firstly, as a recommendation, an independent party should oversee the peace talks as nations such as the USA are affiliates to Israel and make part of the UN. Secondly, diplomatic misconduct portrayed by Israel should be met with sanctions such as those applied to Russia for acquiring Crimea from

Combating Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Combating Terrorism - Essay Example It was necessary to make arrangements for refueling of aircrafts in Kenya (Taillon, 2002). It also had to coordinate with the French government in order to be able to acquire information from one of the released hostages who was a French national. This would not be possible without the agreement of the French in spite of the former hostage also being of Jewish decent (Taillon, 2002). The Israeli government also had to coordinate with the United States military that provided satellite images of the area. During the operation the Israeli government also had to work with the Kenyan government in order to allow Israeli planes to land safely in Nairobi and to have planes that carried reserve fuel to be land at Mombasa (Taillon, 2002). Coordination with the British was also necessary in to ensure that the rescue plane landed at Entebbe just after British cargo planes. After the successful operation it was still necessary for coordination in order for the rescued hostages to land in Nairobi and to be treated their. The Kenyan government provided medical services and food for the released hostages (Taillon, 2002). According to Shoran, the rescue mission proved that terrorism could be countered effectively and it was an endeavor worth cooperating for (BBC NEWS, 1976). The irately operation however had repercussions some of which were serious to those affected. One of the things that happened afterwards was, Iddi Amin, the then president of Uganda having suspected that Kenya colluded with Israel during the planning of the raid sort to hit back (BBC NEWS, 1976). The humiliated president ordered the massacre of hundreds of Kenyans who had been living in Uganda. Another quite obvious repercussion was the loss of lives of some of the Jewish people. First of all, some of the hostages died during the operation. Second, Netanyahu an army officer and other soldiers also lost their lives (Jewish Virtual Library, 2003a). Another repercussion of the operation was the breaking down of diplomatic ties with Uganda who felt that by having the Israeli army, a foreign force land in their country without authorization; it was an undermining of the sovereignty of the nation of Uganda. The Ugandans even expressed their displeasure by taking the matter to the United Nations Security Council (BBC NEWS, 1976). The operation also caused a reaction from Israeli enemies who vowed to attack Israel even with more zeal (BBC NEWS, 1976). The standards for counter terrorism operations do not apply in the same manner for Israel as they do for other nations. This is because of Israelis geographical location which puts it in constant danger of terrorist attack. Israel is surrounded by hostile Arab neighbors who are a threat to the existence of Israel. The Middle East war also makes the standards different as the frequency of attack in Israel is very high (Jewish Virtual Library, 2003b). Another factor that contributes to the difference is the history of the Jewish people who have experienced conflict throughout with such events as the holocaust. As the Jewish people have many enemies who are also very close to them, they have to be proactive in counter terrorism and have to act on many threats. The Israeli nation can easily be reached by rockets

Venezuela’s Culture Essay Example for Free

Venezuela’s Culture Essay The culture of Venezuela is primarily a mixture of Spaniard, African and Indian traditions which was common known as criollo (Creole) (Palmerlee, 825). Their culture also has a strong influence coming from the United States appearing in the middle of the twentieth century. But the influences coming from the original Indian inhabitants were neglected because of the long Spanish colonization. The principal Venezuelan folk type is the llanero, or plainsman, which is similar to the gaucho of Argentina, the cowboy of the United States, and the vaquero of Mexico. The llanero’s folklore, songs, dances and legends are popularized throughout the country. Venezuela’s national song and dance is the joropo, a gay and syncopated invention of the llaneros, danced with a lively, jig-like movement (Kohnstamm, 230). It employs such native instruments as the maraca, a rattle made of dried gourd shells; a small harp; and the cuatro, a small, four-string guitar. The tono llanero, or melody of the plains, is a folk dance which embodies Venezuelan popular feeling at its purest. Other popular dances include the pasillo, similar to the pasillo of Columbia; the merenque, which came from Santo Domingo; and the corrido, from Mexico. The tanquito, a Venezuelan version of the Argentine tango, is also very popular in the country. As of this date, Venezuela has no traditional dress mainly because of the different cultures they inherited from the numerous races they had in the country. But some of them use the dresses that the indigenous people (like the tribes who lives in the Amazon areas) used along time ago. A good example of this is the Liqui-liqui this is usually worn by Venezuelan men. A traditional Liqui liqui is made up of white linen cloth, it has a full length trousers and a long sleeve jacket with a rounded Nehru-style collar, which is fastened and decorated by a junta, it also has around 5-6 buttons. It can also have a pocket. This dress is traditionally worn with an alpargata (it is an open-toed kind of sandal) and can be accessorized with a llanero hat. According to some stories, Liqui liqui was also worn by the rich and famous of Venezuela. A good example of this is the mayor of the Caracas district of Chacao, Leopoldo Lopez which he wore Liqui-liqui in wedding celebration last March 2007. This can also be worn by the women but instead of pants they use a skirt. A joropo dress is also used by the women of Venezuela; it has a very colourful skirt that they used to wave back to their partners during the dance ball. The Roman Catholicism is the predominant faith in the country. It is estimated that 95 percent of their present population adheres to the Roman Catholic faith (Dydynski, 376). However, religious freedom is guaranteed to all faiths, and no mention of the Roman Catholic Church is made in the constitution. In 1980’s the Protestants catches the attentions of a few Venezuelan but the Evangelist and Adventist has more followers than the Protestant. There were also few Mormons and Jewish. But most of the indigenous religion practices were vanished because they were introduce and converted to Catholicism. Although there were some of it survived and still active in their culture society, one good example of this is the culto of Maria Lonza. According to their stories and legends, Maria is a witch or healer which was born with an Indian father and a Spanish mother. She symbolizes the other two figures, black henchman, el Negro Felipe, and of an Indian cacique (chief), Guaicapuro which makes them the Tres Poderes or the Three Powers. Though the country is composed of different races and ethic groups, majority of Venezuelans practices the Catholicism, which they owed from their Spanish colonial heritage. They held mass everyday but has an obligatory worship day which is every Sunday, it was said that in this ritual they believe that the simple bread and wine will be turning into the body and blood of Jesus Christ. They believed in the sacrament of baptism and confirmation, most of the Venezuelan children carries a name of a saint and celebrates their saint’s day and their own birthdates separately. They practice a straight nine days prayer for their beloved who had just passed away; this was usually attended by the immediate family members and close friends of the deceased person. Every December 25th they celebrate the birth of Jesus Christ which was commonly known as Christmas. They also commemorate Ash Wednesday were in they put ashes in form of a crucifix in their forehead in preparation for the Holy Week. One of their famous rituals is the Devil Dance (Baynham, 378). They celebrate this annually during the Corpus Christi. They do this by dancing in a drumbeat along the streets of Venezuela with a bloody red costume and a devilish mask. In this said rituals the devil or the evil spirit fights back against the good spirit and he also visit the graves of their ancestors, but of course the good spirit will won the battle after an exhausting antagonism on the part of Satans henchmen for the whole day. It usually run 35 miles of dancing before it will end up at the foot doors of the church to hear mass. According to the people of Venezuela this rituals attracted many tourists all over the world and sometimes they would participate during the dance. In 1999, the Constitution of Venezuela declared that the Spanish and other 25 surviving indigenous languages belonging to three linguistic families: Caribans, Arawak, and Chibcha as the official languages of Venezuela. Wagyuu, Piaroa, Panare and Nhengtu are some of the 25 surviving indigenous languages. They also consider English as their second language since this is now widely used in their culture promotions and business negotiations particularly in their Oil and Petroleum Industry. Arabic, Chinese, Italian, and Portuguese are also commonly spoken foreign languages in Venezuela. Summary Venezuela is composed of different races and ethnic groups; this is very evident in their culture. Joropo is their national song and dance, according to historians they got this from the llaneros or the plainsman (the cowboy version of Venezuelans). Other popular dances include the pasillo, similar to the pasillo of Columbia; the merenque, which came from Santo Domingo; and the corrido, from Mexico. The tanquito, a Venezuelan version of the Argentine tango, is also very popular in the country. As of this date Venezuela has no national costume, instead they use the different dresses coming from the indigenous people in Venezuela. A good example of this is the Liqui liqui, this is fondly worn by the Venezuelan men with alpargata (an open-toed kind of sandal). Most of the women wear a joropo dress but others also wears the liqui liqui but instead of the pants they traded it with a layered skirt. Taking from their Spaniard colonial heritage; Roman Catholic dominates the population of Venezuela although there were no restrictions from their constitution with regards in choosing their religion. One of the popular rituals they have in Venezuela is the Devil Dance, where in the evil spirit fights over the good spirit. It is a 35 miles of dancing and ending the day with a mass this is celebrated during the Corpus Christi. Most of their traditions and rituals are coming from the Catholic doctrines. In their 1999 constitution it was clearly stated that Spanish is their national language together with the other 25 surviving indigenous languages. They also consider English as their second language. They use this language to communicate with their investors and tourist visitors. Works Cited Baynham, Angela. Insight Guides Venezuela. 4th Upd Sub Edition. Insight Guides, 2003 Dydynski, Krzysztof. Lonely Planet Venezuela. 4th edition. Lonely Planet Publications, 2004 Kohnstamm, Thomas. Venezuela. 5th edition. Lonely Planet, 2007 Palmerlee, Danny. South America. 10th Edition. Lonely Planet, 2007

Murder Manslaughter And Infanticide Philosophy Essay

Murder Manslaughter And Infanticide Philosophy Essay Murder is the crime of intentionally causing the death of another human being, without lawful excuse. The definition of murder was given in the case of Chris Rwakasisi, Elias Wanyama v Uganda (1991) UGSC 2. The appellants where indicted for 16 counts of murder and kidnapping with intent to murder. The justices of the supreme court defined murder thus à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.It consists of the unlawful act or omission of one person, which causes the death of another person with malice aforethought. The elements of the offence are thus (1) the unlawful act or omission; (2) the death being caused as a result of the act or omission; and (3) malice aforethought, that is the intent to cause death or knowledge that the act or omission would, probably cause death (at least serious bodily harm). When an illegal death was not caused intentionally, but was caused by recklessness or negligence (or there is some defense, such as diminished capacity), the crime committed is manslaughter. The first element in murder is causing death. It is impossible to give a precise definition of this, but some legal principles have been developed to help. The penal code act section 196 states that A person is deemed to have caused the death of another person although his or her act is not the immediate or sole cause of death in any of the following cases- (a) If he or she inflicts bodily injury on another person in consequence of which that person undergoes surgical or medical treatment which causes death. In this case it is immaterial whether the treatment was proper or mistaken, if it was employed in good faith and with common knowledge and skill; but the person inflicting the injury is not deemed to have caused the death if the treatment which was its immediate cause was not employed in good faith or was so employed without common knowledge or skill; b) if he or she inflicts a bodily injury on another which would not have caused death if the injured person had submitted to proper surgical or medical treatment or had observed proper precautions as to his or her mode of living; c) if by actual or threatened violence he or she causes such other person to perform an act which causes the death of such person, such act being a means of avoiding such violence which in the circumstances would appear natural to the person whose death is so caused; d) if by any act or omission he or she hastened the death of a person suffering under any disease or injury which apart from such act or omission would have caused death; e) if his or her act or omission would not have caused death unless it had been accompanied by an act or omission of the person killed or of other persons. Many common law jurisdictions abide by the year and a day rule, which provides that one is to be held responsible for a persons death only if they die within a year and a day of the act. Thus, if you seriously injured someone, and they died from their injuries within a year and a day, you would be guilty of murder; but you would not be guilty if they died from their injuries after a year and a day had passed. Malice aforethought is the second ingredient when determining murder. Originally malice aforethought carried its everyday meaning-a deliberate and premeditated killing of another motivated by ill will. It is the intent and knowledge of committing an unlawful act. section 191 of the Penal code Uganda defines malice aforethought as an intention to cause the death of any person, whether such person is the person actually killed or not; or knowledge that the act or omission causing death will probably cause the death of some person, whether such person is the person actually killed or not, although such knowledge is accompanied by indifference whether death is caused or not, or by a wish that it may not be caused Murder necessarily required that an appreciable time pass between the formation and execution of the intent to kill. The courts broadened the scope of murder by eliminating the requirement of actual premeditation and deliberation as well as true malice. All that was required for malice aforethought to exist is that the perpetrator act with one of the four states of mind that constitutes malice. It is not murder to kill someone with lawful excuse; lawful excuses include killing enemy combatants in time of war (but not after they surrendered), killing a person who poses an immediate threat to the lives of ones self or others (i.e., in self-defense), and executing a person in accordance with a sentence of death (in those jurisdictions which use capital punishment). Sometimes extreme provocation or duress can justify killing another as well. Under English law, it is murder to kill another human being for food, even if without doing so one would die of starvation. This originated in a case of R v Dudley and Stephens (1884) 14 QB shipwrecked sailors cast adrift off the coast of South Africa in the 1920s; two of the sailors conspired to kill the other sailor, and having killed him ate his flesh to survive. Most countries allow conditions that affect the balance of the mind to be regarded as mitigating circumstances against murder. This means that a person may be found guilty of manslaughter on the basis of diminished responsibility rather than murder, if it can be proved that they were suffering from a condition that affected their judgment at the time. Depression, Post-traumatic stress disorder and medication side-effects are examples of conditions that may be taken into account when assessing responsibility. Manslaughter is a legal term for the killing of a human being, in a manner considered by law as less culpable than murder. The law generally differentiates between levels of criminal culpability based on the mens rea, or state of mind. This is particularly true within the law of homicide, where murder requires either the intent to kill a state of mind called malice, or malice aforethought or the knowledge that ones actions are likely to result in death; manslaughter, on the other hand, requires a lack of any prior intention to kill or create a deadly situation. Manslaughter is usually broken down into two distinct categories: voluntary manslaughter and involuntary manslaughter. Voluntary manslaughter occurs either when the defendant kills with malice aforethought (intention to kill or cause serious harm), but there are mitigating circumstances which reduce culpability, or when the defendant kills only with an intent to cause serious bodily harm. This can be seen in the case of Francis Masaba v Uganda 1989 UGSC 1. The appellant was a bar tender and was involved in a fight with the deceased after a night of drinking. The appellant is said to have stab the deceased three times in the chest. The learned justices upheld the verdict of manslaughter Voluntary manslaughter in some jurisdictions is a lesser included offense of murder. The Penal code act 1950 sets out three partial defences that reduce murder to voluntary manslaughter; diminished responsibility, provocation and suicide pact. Diminished responsibility. This covers diminished mental responsibility for a crime falling short of the requirements of the complete defence of Insanity. Under Section 194 Penal code Act 19570 there are three requirements for the defendant to raise the defence of diminished responsibility: The defendant suffered from an abnormality of mind at the time of the killing. An abnormality of mind is a state of mind so different from that of ordinary human beings that the reasonable man would term it abnormal. The abnormality was caused by one of the causes specified by the Act: a condition of arrested or retarded development of mind, any inherent cause or a disease or injury. The abnormality substantially impaired the defendants mental responsibility for the killing. Substantial means the lack of control must simply be more than trivial. Under s194 (2) of the Act it is for the defendant to prove he suffered from such a condition on the balance of probabilities. Provocation. Provocation was originally a common law defense to murder, but it was reformed by s3 Homicide Act 1957. There are two limbs to the defence, first the defendant must have actually been provoked, and second the provocation must be such as would have made the reasonable man act as the defendant did. Provocation can come from someone other than the victim and be aimed at someone other than the accused. Further the defense is not defeated by the fact that the defendant induced the provocation. Provocation in fact: It is a question of fact for the judge whether the defendant was in fact provoked. The loss of control must be sudden and temporary; however it can be the result of slow burn with a relatively minor final straw. This can be evidenced the case of John Bisset Stenhouse v Uganda 1972 UGCA 1. In this case the appellant was a school teacher who was attacked by riotous students. The teacher and his wife were attacked by stones. The teacher fired two shoots from his gun killing two students. The learned judges held that the teacher was under provocation and acted in self defence. The reasonable man test: The provocation must be enough to make a reasonable man do as the defendant did. The reasonable man has the same sex and age as the defendant and such characteristics as affect the gravity of the provocation to the defendant, but characteristics irrelevant to the provocation such as unrelated mental disorders are not given to the reasonable man. Finally, the reasonable man always has reasonable powers of self control and is never intoxicated. Suicide pacts. Penal Code 1950 introduced the defence of suicide pact. The intention was to show some compassion for those who had been involved in a suicide pact but failed to die. A suicide pact is a common agreement between two or more persons having for its object the death of all of them, whether or not each is to take his own life. The accused must have had a settled intention of dying in pursuance of the pact to avoid him entering into a supposed pact with the real intention of committing murder. This is in section 195 of the penal code Act It shall be manslaughter and shall not be murder for a person acting in pursuance of a suicide pact between him or her and another to kill the other or be a party to the other killing himself or herself or being killed by a third person Involuntary manslaughter is the unlawful killing of a human being without malice aforethought. It is distinguished from voluntary manslaughter by the absence of intention. It is normally divided into two categories; constructive manslaughter and criminally negligent manslaughter. Constructive manslaughter is also referred to as unlawful act manslaughter. It is based on the doctrine of constructive malice, whereby the malicious intent inherent in the commission of a crime is considered to apply to the consequences of that crime. It occurs when someone kills, without intent, in the course of committing an unlawful act. The malice involved in the crime is transferred to the killing, resulting in a charge of manslaughter. For example, if a person throws a brick off a bridge into vehicular traffic below they could be found to intend or be reckless as to assault or criminal damage DPP v Newbury. There is no intent to kill, and a resulting death would not be considered murder, but would be considered involuntary manslaughter. The accuseds responsibility for causing death is constructed from the fault in committing what might have been a minor criminal act. Criminally negligent manslaughter occurs where death results from serious negligence, or, in some jurisdictions, serious recklessness. A high degree of negligence is required to warrant criminal liability. A related concept is that of willful blindness, which is where a defendant intentionally puts himself in a position where he will be unaware of facts which would render him liable. Infanticide. Another form of voluntary manslaughter is infanticide. This offense is in the Penal Code of Uganda Section 213. Generally, a conviction of infanticide will be made where the court is satisfied that a mother killed her newborn child while the balance of her mind was disturbed as a result of childbirth; for instance, in cases of post-natal depression. It is a form of manslaughter, and carries the same range of sentences as a manslaughter conviction. While infanticide is a separate offense from murder, and not a reductive defense to murder, in practice it works in much the same way as a reductive defense. Such was in the case of Miriam Muthoni Kariuki v Republic (2008) KLR Court of Appeal. The appellant was convicted of murdering her 1year son by strangulation by the high court. On appeal the Justices of the Court of Appeal found her to have been with a disturbed at the time of the act and consequently substituted the conviction of murder with infanticide.